Enhancing Heart Surgery For Children

UC San Diego mechanical and aerospace engineering professor Alison Marsden is working through an international collaboration to develop multiscale models for all three stages of the surgery used to treat children with single ventricle heart defects. The end goal of the $6 million project, funded by Fondation Leducq in France, is to produce software that can be used for clinical decision support. These surgeries are typically done with three stages starting from birth: the Norwood (or variant), Glenn procedure, and Fontan surgery. According to Marsden, these young patients are among the most challenging for pediatric cardiologists to treat, and they can develop a number of very serious morbidities.

“While our group at UCSD has done research previously on the Fontan surgery (stage three), we were not able to take advantage of closed loop models of the circulatory system,” she said. “This collaboration will allow us to model the surgical connection in detail as well as the response of the entire circulation. In addition, this is the first time in our research group that we are taking a close look at the engineering aspects of the first two stages of the surgery, and that will hopefully shed light on possibilities for earlier interventions that can help prevent poor outcomes. The network gives us access to a large pool of clinical data through several leading clinical centers that are participating in the grant.”

Marsden is an American core member of the international research team on this project, which also includes Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children in London, Politecnico di Milano in Milan, The French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control (INRIA) in Paris, Medical University of South Carolina, University of Michigan, and Clemson University.

Mike Chi and Cognionics Team Win First Prize at $80K Entrepreneurship Challenge

And the winner is...Cognionics! Led by Jacobs School electrical engineering graduate student Mike Chi, Cognionics won first prize tonight at the UC San Diego Entrepreneurship Challenge. They get $25K in cash to fund their startup (wireless health monitoring sensors) and $15K in legal services.

Chi left an academic conference in Paris two days early just to present at the entrepreneurship challenge. And the jet lag didn't trip him up. His team not only won the official competition, but they also won the popular vote from the audience (which carries with it an extra thousand bucks).

His demo, in which he put one of the sensors on his chest, and showed the audience how it picked up the ECG must have made a big impression.

I'll update this story tomorrow with some pictures.

It's Poster Judging Time! Research Expo 2010 poster session has begun!

I interviewed a bunch of students while they were setting up their posters this morning. Here is part of the first interview (30 seconds on YouTube)...more later...but now I'm off to the actual poster session. Hot posters are here...but who will win for best research poster this year???

Treat Acne with Coconut Oil and Nano-Bombs

San Diego, CA, April 14, 2010 -- A natural product found in both coconut oil and human breast milk – lauric acid -- shines as a possible new acne treatment thanks to a bioengineering graduate student from the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering. The student developed a “smart delivery system” – published in the journal ACS Nano in March – capable of delivering lauric-acid-filled nano-scale bombs directly to skin-dwelling bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes) that cause common acne.

On Thursday April 15, bioengineering graduate student Dissaya “Nu” Pornpattananangkul (pictured) will present her most recent work on this experimental acne-drug-delivery system at Research Expo, the annual research conference of the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering.

i'm working on the video now...will post shortly...

Calcium Waves and Alzheimer's Disease

Catching waves in San Diego...it's usually all about the surfers...but not always. Bioengineers are catching calcium waves in the brain cells of rats in order to figure out how the brain works...and maybe get a better idea of what causes Alzheimer's Disease.

Chris MacDonald, a bioengineering PhD student at the Jacobs School, is the guy in the photos above, and one of the first authors on a new paper in the journal ASN Neuro. The researchers describe the calcium waves they caught in the brain cells from rats that were exposted to the infamous amaloid beta peptides (a possible cause of Alzheimer's Disease). Below are related videos. Chris is in the lab of bioengineering professor Gabriel Silva.

I just put up the press release on the Jacobs School site...it is also up on the Bioengineering news site, and it will make its way up on the Institute of Engineering in Medicine site and the UC San Diego news site. The story is also up on EurekAlert.

Below...deep neuroscience...the last part of the press release (full version here):

Deep Neuroscience Questions

By tracking calcium waves in networks of brain cells, researchers can see changes in membrane voltage, which offers insights into how neurons and other brains cells, including astrocytes, communicate. A better understanding of how the brain works from this bottom-up perspective could lead researchers closer to answering some of the deepest questions in neuroscience. Calcium imaging is emerging as the primary method for interrogating the activity of cellular neural networks, explained Silva, whose Cellular Neural Engineering laboratory focuses, in part, on how information flows through networks of brain cells. According to Silva, answering some of the deepest questions in neuroscience—like What are the origins of creativity, logical reasoning, consciousness and emotions?—will require a better understanding of how information is processed by functional networks in the brains of humans and other species.

“We are just getting to the point where the math and engineering methods are starting to be developed to allow one to study brain networks at the scale of individual cells,” said Silva. His lab collaborates with Henry Abarbanel’s group in the Department of Physics at UC San Diego on mathematical modeling of neurophysiological systems and computational neuroscience.
In the ASN NEURO paper, the researchers used calcium imaging to study a purified astrocyte network. Meanwhile, novel complementary techniques, including “two photon optical microscopy” are raising the possibility of experimental tools capable of testing and validating new theories about how the brain functions from the perspective of cellular networks. This technology could also help researchers uncover how individual brain cells behave as signals propagate through a given network. The Silva lab collaborates with Anna Devor’s Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory in the Department of Neuroscience at UC San Diego on experimental cellular imaging and neurophysiology.

Today’s fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) tools are useful for studying the brain, but their spatial resolution is far too course to provide insights at the cellular level. “With fMRI, you have no information on what is happening at the individual circuit and network level,” said Silva. With technologies such as two photon optical microscopy, researchers are aiming to uncover how the brain works in much finer detail.

Mapping Brain Networks is Just the Start

While mapping the activity of cell networks is “a fantastically interesting problem” according to Silva, it is just the beginning. A more difficult problem involves determining how the brain uses that information. “Pushing the envelope of understanding for these types of problems requires breakthroughs in engineering, math and physics. That is the interesting part for us,” said Silva.

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“Amyloid-β directly induces spontaneous calcium transients, delayed intercellular calcium waves, and gliosis in rat cortical astrocytes” by Siu-Kei Chow 1*, Diana Yu 1*, Christopher L. MacDonald 1*, Marius Buibas 1, and Gabriel A. Silva 1,2,3 at1 Department of Bioengineering,2 Department of Ophthalmology,3 Neurosciences Program, University of California, San Diego*These authors contributed equally to this work

This work was supported by funds from the NINDS (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) at the NIH (National Institutes of Health)

Heart Mending with Stem Cells

Bioengineering professor Adam Engler and bioengineering Ph.D. student Jennifer Young landed in Technology Review today. Journalist Lauren Gravitz covered their presentation on Tuesday at ASCB 2009 where they reported advances in using embryonic stem cells (from chickens) to regenerate heart cells.

The big idea is that the bioengineers are working to re-create the physical consitions and cues within organisms that guide (at least in part) the differentiation process from stem cells to heart cells.

Read the Technology Review story here.

Read the Jacobs School of Engineering summary of the research here.

Below is related video from the Engler lab, which is part of UC San Diego's Institute of Engineering in Medicine.

Systems Biology and Insulin Resistance

Researchers from the University of California, San Diego recently offered the sharpest-yet picture of how core biochemical pathways in skeletal muscle cells and fat cells are altered in people who suffer from insulin resistance—a primary defect in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Taking a systems biology approach, the bioengineers and medical researchers also determined how a common class of drugs for treating insulin resistance—TZDs—alter these same core pathways. This led the team to uncover previously unknown effects of TZDs and insights that could lead to improved drug therapies for insulin resistance.

The team—led by investigators from the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering and School of Medicine—recently published their findings in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

“When you are insulin resistant, your metabolism suffers. If you take a TZD for your insulin resistance, will the drug fix the dysfunction in muscle and fat tissues? Will these changes be functionally related to drug efficacy? These are some of the questions we addressed in our new study,” say UC San Diego faculty members Dr. Shankar Subramaniam and Dr. Dorothy Sears, co-corresponding authors of the new paper. The collaborative project involved Dr. Subramaniam’s Bioinformatics and Systems Biology laboratory in the Department of Bioengineering at the Jacobs School of Engineering, Dr. Sears and her colleagues in the Department of Medicine, and Pfizer, Inc.

Read the PNAS paper online.

Read the full press release.